Any PHP script is built out of a series of statements. A statement can be an assignment, a function call, a loop, a conditional statement of even a statement that does nothing (an empty statement). Statements usually end with a semicolon. In addition, statements can be grouped into a statement-group by encapsulating a group of statements with curly braces. A statement-group is a statement by itself as well. The various statement types are described in this chapter
if
The if construct is one of the most important features of many languages, PHP included. It allows for conditional execution of code fragments. PHP features an if structure that is similar to that of C:
if (expr)
statement
As described in the section about expressions, expr is evaluated to its truth value. If expr evaluates to TRUE, PHP will execute statement, and if it evaluates to FALSE - it'll ignore it.
The following example would display a is bigger than b if $a is bigger than $b:
if ($a > $b)
print "a is bigger than b";
Often you'd want to have more than one statement to be executed conditionally. Of course, there's no need to wrap each statement with an if clause. Instead, you can group several statements into a statement group. For example, this code would display a is bigger than b if $a is bigger than $b, and would then assign the value of $a into $b:
if ($a > $b) {
print "a is bigger than b";
$b = $a;
}
If statements can be nested indefinitely within other if statements, which provides you with complete flexibility for conditional execution of the various parts of your program.
else
Often you'd want to execute a statement if a certain condition is met, and a different statement if the condition is not met. This is what else is for. else extends an if statement to execute a statement in case the expression in the if statement evaluates to FALSE. For example, the following code would display a is bigger than b if $a is bigger than $b, and a is NOT bigger than b otherwise:
if ($a > $b) {
print "a is bigger than b";
} else {
print "a is NOT bigger than b";
}
The else statement is only executed if the if expression evaluated to FALSE, and if there were any elseif expressions - only if they evaluated to FALSE as well.
elseif
elseif, as its name suggests, is a combination of if and else. Like else, it extends an if statement to execute a different statement in case the original if expression evaluates to FALSE. However, unlike else, it will execute that alternative expression only if the elseif conditional expression evaluates to TRUE. For example, the following code would display a is bigger than b, a equal to b or a is smaller than b:
if ($a > $b) {
print "a is bigger than b";
} elseif ($a == $b) {
print "a is equal to b";
} else {
print "a is smaller than b";
}
There may be several elseifs within the same if statement. The first elseif expression (if any) that evaluates to true would be executed. In PHP, you can also write 'else if' (in two words) and the behavior would be identical to the one of 'elseif' (in a single word). The syntactic meaning is slightly different (if you're familiar with C, this is the same behavior) but the bottom line is that both would result in exactly the same behavior.
The elseif statement is only executed if the preceding if expression and any preceding elseif expressions evaluated to FALSE, and the current elseif expression evaluated to TRUE.
Alternative syntax for control structures
PHP offers an alternative syntax for some of its control structures; namely, if, while, for, foreach, and switch. In each case, the basic form of the alternate syntax is to change the opening brace to a colon (:) and the closing brace to endif;, endwhile;, endfor;, endforeach;, or endswitch;, respectively.
A is equal to 5
In the above example, the HTML block "A = 5" is nested within an if statement written in the alternative syntax. The HTML block would be displayed only if $a is equal to 5.
The alternative syntax applies to else and elseif as well. The following is an if structure with elseif and else in the alternative format:
if ($a == 5):
print "a equals 5";
print "...";
elseif ($a == 6):
print "a equals 6";
print "!!!";
else:
print "a is neither 5 nor 6";
endif;
while
while loops are the simplest type of loop in PHP. They behave just like their C counterparts. The basic form of a while statement is:
while (expr) statement
The meaning of a while statement is simple. It tells PHP to execute the nested statement(s) repeatedly, as long as the while expression evaluates to TRUE. The value of the expression is checked each time at the beginning of the loop, so even if this value changes during the execution of the nested statement(s), execution will not stop until the end of the iteration (each time PHP runs the statements in the loop is one iteration). Sometimes, if the while expression evaluates to FALSE from the very beginning, the nested statement(s) won't even be run once.
Like with the if statement, you can group multiple statements within the same while loop by surrounding a group of statements with curly braces, or by using the alternate syntax:
while (expr): statement ... endwhile;
The following examples are identical, and both print numbers from 1 to 10:
/* example 1 */
$i = 1;
while ($i <= 10) {
print $i++; /* the printed value would be
$i before the increment
(post-increment) */
}
/* example 2 */
$i = 1;
while ($i <= 10):
print $i;
$i++;
endwhile;
do..while
do..while loops are very similar to while loops, except the truth expression is checked at the end of each iteration instead of in the beginning. The main difference from regular while loops is that the first iteration of a do..while loop is guarenteed to run (the truth expression is only checked at the end of the iteration), whereas it's may not necessarily run with a regular while loop (the truth expression is checked at the beginning of each iteration, if it evaluates to FALSE right from the beginning, the loop execution would end immediately).
There is just one syntax for do..while loops:
$i = 0;
do {
print $i;
} while ($i>0);
The above loop would run one time exactly, since after the first iteration, when truth expression is checked, it evaluates to FALSE ($i is not bigger than 0) and the loop execution ends.
Advanced C users may be familiar with a different usage of the do..while loop, to allow stopping execution in the middle of code blocks, by encapsulating them with do..while(0), and using the break statement. The following code fragment demonstrates this:
do {
if ($i < 5) {
print "i is not big enough";
break;
}
$i *= $factor;
if ($i < $minimum_limit) {
break;
}
print "i is ok";
...process i...
} while(0);
Don't worry if you don't understand this right away or at all. You can code scripts and even powerful scripts without using this `feature'.
for
for loops are the most complex loops in PHP. They behave like their C counterparts. The syntax of a for loop is:
for (expr1; expr2; expr3) statement
The first expression (expr1) is evaluated (executed) once unconditionally at the beginning of the loop.
In the beginning of each iteration, expr2 is evaluated. If it evaluates to TRUE, the loop continues and the nested statement(s) are executed. If it evaluates to FALSE, the execution of the loop ends.
At the end of each iteration, expr3 is evaluated (executed).
Each of the expressions can be empty. expr2 being empty means the loop should be run indefinitely (PHP implicitly considers it as TRUE, like C). This may not be as useless as you might think, since often you'd want to end the loop using a conditional break statement instead of using the for truth expression.
Consider the following examples. All of them display numbers from 1 to 10:
/* example 1 */
for ($i = 1; $i <= 10; $i++) {
print $i;
}
/* example 2 */
for ($i = 1;;$i++) {
if ($i > 10) {
break;
}
print $i;
}
/* example 3 */
$i = 1;
for (;;) {
if ($i > 10) {
break;
}
print $i;
$i++;
}
/* example 4 */
for ($i = 1; $i <= 10; print $i, $i++) ;
Of course, the first example appears to be the nicest one (or perhaps the fourth), but you may find that being able to use empty expressions in for loops comes in handy in many occasions.
PHP also supports the alternate "colon syntax" for for loops.
for (expr1; expr2; expr3): statement; ...; endfor;
Other languages have a foreach statement to traverse an array or hash. PHP 3 has no such construct; PHP 4 does (see foreach). In PHP 3, you can combine while with the list() and each() functions to achieve the same effect.
foreach
PHP 4 includes a foreach construct, much like perl and some other languages. This simply gives an easy way to iterate over arrays. There are two syntaxes; the second is a minor but useful extension of the first:
foreach(array_expression as $value) statement
foreach(array_expression as $key => $value) statement
The first form loops over the array given by array_expression. On each loop, the value of the current element is assigned to $value and the internal array pointer is advanced by one (so on the next loop, you'll be looking at the next element).
The second form does the same thing, except that the current element's key will be assigned to the variable $key on each loop.
Note: When foreach first starts executing, the internal array pointer is automatically reset to the first element of the array. This means that you do not need to call reset() before a foreach loop.
Note: Also note that foreach operates on a copy of the specified array, not the array itself, therefore the array pointer is not modified like with the each construct.
You may have noticed that the following are functionally identical:
reset ($arr);
while (list(, $value) = each ($arr)) {
echo "Value: $value
\n";
}
foreach ($arr as $value) {
echo "Value: $value
\n";
}
The following are also functionally identical:
reset ($arr);
while (list($key, $value) = each ($arr)) {
echo "Key: $key; Value: $value
\n";
}
foreach ($arr as $key => $value) {
echo "Key: $key; Value: $value
\n";
}
Some more examples to demonstrate usages:
/* foreach example 1: value only */
$a = array (1, 2, 3, 17);
foreach ($a as $v) {
print "Current value of \$a: $v.\n";
}
/* foreach example 2: value (with key printed for illustration) */
$a = array (1, 2, 3, 17);
$i = 0; /* for illustrative purposes only */
foreach($a as $v) {
print "\$a[$i] => $v.\n";
}
/* foreach example 3: key and value */
$a = array (
"one" => 1,
"two" => 2,
"three" => 3,
"seventeen" => 17
);
foreach($a as $k => $v) {
print "\$a[$k] => $v.\n";
}
break
break ends execution of the current for, while, or switch structure. break accepts an optional numeric argument which tells it how many nested enclosing structures are to be broken out of.
$arr = array ('one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'stop', 'five');
while (list (, $val) = each ($arr)) {
if ($val == 'stop') {
break; /* You could also write 'break 1;' here. */
}
echo "$val
\n";
}
/* Using the optional argument. */
$i = 0;
while (++$i) {
switch ($i) {
case 5:
echo "At 5
\n";
break 1; /* Exit only the switch. */
case 10:
echo "At 10; quitting
\n";
break 2; /* Exit the switch and the while. */
default:
break;
}
}
continue
continue is used within looping structures to skip the rest of the current loop iteration and continue execution at the beginning of the next iteration. continue accepts an optional numeric argument which tells it how many levels of enclosing loops it should skip to the end of.
while (list ($key, $value) = each ($arr)) {
if (!($key % 2)) { // skip odd members
continue;
}
do_something_odd ($value);
}
$i = 0;
while ($i++ < 5) {
echo "Outer
\n";
while (1) {
echo " Middle
\n";
while (1) {
echo " Inner
\n";
continue 3;
}
echo "This never gets output.
\n";
}
echo "Neither does this.
\n";
}
switch
The switch statement is similar to a series of IF statements on the same expression. In many occasions, you may want to compare the same variable (or expression) with many different values, and execute a different piece of code depending on which value it equals to. This is exactly what the switch statement is for.
The following two examples are two different ways to write the same thing, one using a series of if statements, and the other using the switch statement:
if ($i == 0) {
print "i equals 0";
}
if ($i == 1) {
print "i equals 1";
}
if ($i == 2) {
print "i equals 2";
}
switch ($i) {
case 0:
print "i equals 0";
break;
case 1:
print "i equals 1";
break;
case 2:
print "i equals 2";
break;
}
It is important to understand how the switch statement is executed in order to avoid mistakes. The switch statement executes line by line (actually, statement by statement). In the beginning, no code is executed. Only when a case statement is found with a value that matches the value of the switch expression does PHP begin to execute the statements. PHP continues to execute the statements until the end of the switch block, or the first time it sees a break statement. If you don't write a break statement at the end of a case's statement list, PHP will go on executing the statements of the following case. For example:
switch ($i) {
case 0:
print "i equals 0";
case 1:
print "i equals 1";
case 2:
print "i equals 2";
}
Here, if $i equals to 0, PHP would execute all of the print statements! If $i equals to 1, PHP would execute the last two print statements, and only if $i equals to 2, you'd get the 'expected' behavior and only 'i equals 2' would be displayed. So, it's important not to forget break statements (even though you may want to avoid supplying them on purpose under certain circumstances).
In a switch statement, the condition is evaluated only once and the result is compared to each case statement. In an elseif statement, the condition is evaluated again. If your condition is more complicated than a simple compare and/or is in a tight loop, a switch may be faster.
The statement list for a case can also be empty, which simply passes control into the statement list for the next case.
switch ($i) {
case 0:
case 1:
case 2:
print "i is less than 3 but not negative";
break;
case 3:
print "i is 3";
}
A special case is the default case. This case matches anything that wasn't matched by the other cases, and should be the last case statement. For example:
switch ($i) {
case 0:
print "i equals 0";
break;
case 1:
print "i equals 1";
break;
case 2:
print "i equals 2";
break;
default:
print "i is not equal to 0, 1 or 2";
}
The case expression may be any expression that evaluates to a simple type, that is, integer or floating-point numbers and strings. Arrays or objects cannot be used here unless they are dereferenced to a simple type.
The alternative syntax for control structures is supported with switches.
switch ($i):
case 0:
print "i equals 0";
break;
case 1:
print "i equals 1";
break;
case 2:
print "i equals 2";
break;
default:
print "i is not equal to 0, 1 or 2";
endswitch;
require()
The require() statement replaces itself with the specified file, much like the C preprocessor's #include works.
If "URL fopen wrappers" are enabled in PHP (which they are in the default configuration), you can specify the file to be require()ed using an URL instead of a local pathname. See Remote files and fopen() for more information.
An important note about how this works is that when a file is include()ed or require()ed, parsing drops out of PHP mode and into HTML mode at the beginning of the target file, and resumes PHP mode again at the end. For this reason, any code inside the target file which should be executed as PHP code must be enclosed within valid PHP start and end tags.
require() is not actually a function in PHP; rather, it is a language construct. It is subject to some different rules than functions are. For instance, require() is not subject to any containing control structures. For another, it does not return any value; attempting to read a return value from a require() call results in a parse error.
Unlike include(), require() will always read in the target file, even if the line it's on never executes. If you want to conditionally include a file, use include(). The conditional statement won't affect the require(). However, if the line on which the require() occurs is not executed, neither will any of the code in the target file be executed.
Similarly, looping structures do not affect the behaviour of require(). Although the code contained in the target file is still subject to the loop, the require() itself happens only once.
This means that you can't put a require() statement inside of a loop structure and expect it to include the contents of a different file on each iteration. To do that, use an include() statement.
require ('header.inc');
When a file is require()ed, the code it contains inherits the variable scope of the line on which the require() occurs. Any variables available at that line in the calling file will be available within the called file. If the require() occurs inside a function within the calling file, then all of the code contained in the called file will behave as though it had been defined inside that function.
If the require()ed file is called via HTTP using the fopen wrappers, and if the target server interprets the target file as PHP code, variables may be passed to the require()ed file using an URL request string as used with HTTP GET. This is not strictly speaking the same thing as require()ing the file and having it inherit the parent file's variable scope; the script is actually being run on the remote server and the result is then being included into the local script.
/* This example assumes that someserver is configured to parse .php
* files and not .txt files. Also, 'works' here means that the variables
* $varone and $vartwo are available within the require()ed file. */
/* Won't work; file.txt wasn't handled by someserver. */
require ("http://someserver/file.txt?varone=1&vartwo=2");
/* Won't work; looks for a file named 'file.php?varone=1&vartwo=2'
* on the local filesystem. */
require ("file.php?varone=1&vartwo=2");
/* Works. */
require ("http://someserver/file.php?varone=1&vartwo=2");
$varone = 1;
$vartwo = 2;
require ("file.txt"); /* Works. */
require ("file.php"); /* Works. */
In PHP 3, it is possible to execute a return statement inside a require()ed file, as long as that statement occurs in the global scope of the require()ed file. It may not occur within any block (meaning inside braces ({}). In PHP 4, however, this ability has been discontinued.
include()
The include() statement includes and evaluates the specified file.
If "URL fopen wrappers" are enabled in PHP (which they are in the default configuration), you can specify the file to be include()ed using an URL instead of a local pathname. See Remote files and fopen() for more information.
An important note about how this works is that when a file is include()ed or require()ed, parsing drops out of PHP mode and into HTML mode at the beginning of the target file, and resumes again at the end. For this reason, any code inside the target file which should be executed as PHP code must be enclosed within valid PHP start and end tags.
This happens each time the include() statement is encountered, so you can use an include() statement within a looping structure to include a number of different files.
$files = array ('first.inc', 'second.inc', 'third.inc');
for ($i = 0; $i < count($files); $i++) {
include $files[$i];
}
include() differs from require() in that the include statement is re-evaluated each time it is encountered (and only when it is being executed), whereas the require() statement is replaced by the required file when it is first encountered, whether the contents of the file will be evaluated or not (for example, if it is inside an if statement whose condition evaluated to false).
Because include() is a special language construct, you must enclose it within a statement block if it is inside a conditional block.
/* This is WRONG and will not work as desired. */
if ($condition)
include($file);
else
include($other);
/* This is CORRECT. */
if ($condition) {
include($file);
} else {
include($other);
}
In both PHP 3 and PHP 4, it is possible to execute a return statement inside an include()ed file, in order to terminate processing in that file and return to the script which called it. Some differences in the way this works exist, however. The first is that in PHP 3, the return may not appear inside a block unless it's a function block, in which case the return applies to that function and not the whole file. In PHP 4, however, this restriction does not exist. Also, PHP 4 allows you to return values from include()ed files. You can take the value of the include() call as you would a normal function. This generates a parse error in PHP 3.
When a file is include()ed, the code it contains inherits the variable scope of the line on which the include() occurs. Any variables available at that line in the calling file will be available within the called file. If the include() occurs inside a function within the calling file, then all of the code contained in the called file will behave as though it had been defined inside that function.
If the include()ed file is called via HTTP using the fopen wrappers, and if the target server interprets the target file as PHP code, variables may be passed to the include()ed file using an URL request string as used with HTTP GET. This is not strictly speaking the same thing as include()ing the file and having it inherit the parent file's variable scope; the script is actually being run on the remote server and the result is then being included into the local script.
/* This example assumes that someserver is configured to parse .php
* files and not .txt files. Also, 'works' here means that the variables
* $varone and $vartwo are available within the include()ed file. */
/* Won't work; file.txt wasn't handled by someserver. */
include ("http://someserver/file.txt?varone=1&vartwo=2");
/* Won't work; looks for a file named 'file.php?varone=1&vartwo=2'
* on the local filesystem. */
include ("file.php?varone=1&vartwo=2");
/* Works. */
include ("http://someserver/file.php?varone=1&vartwo=2");
$varone = 1;
$vartwo = 2;
include ("file.txt"); /* Works. */
include ("file.php"); /* Works. */
require_once()
The require_once() statement replaces itself with the specified file, much like the C preprocessor's #include works, and in that respect is similar to the require() statement. The main difference is that in an inclusion chain, the use of require_once() will assure that the code is added to your script only once, and avoid clashes with variable values or function names that can happen.
For example, if you create the following 2 include files utils.inc and foolib.inc
utils.inc
define(PHPVERSION, floor(phpversion()));
echo "GLOBALS ARE NICE\n";
function goodTea() {
return "Oolong tea tastes good!";
}
?>
foolib.inc
require ("utils.inc");
function showVar($var) {
if (PHPVERSION == 4) {
print_r($var);
} else {
var_dump($var);
}
}
// bunch of other functions ...
?>
And then you write a script cause_error_require.php
cause_error_require.php
require("foolib.inc");
/* the following will generate an error */
require("utils.inc");
$foo = array("1",array("complex","quaternion"));
echo "this is requiring utils.inc again which is also\n";
echo "required in foolib.inc\n";
echo "Running goodTea: ".goodTea()."\n";
echo "Printing foo: \n";
showVar($foo);
?>
When you try running the latter one, the resulting ouptut will be (using PHP 4.01pl2):
GLOBALS ARE NICE
GLOBALS ARE NICE
Fatal error: Cannot redeclare goodTea() in utils.inc on line 5
By modifying foolib.inc and cause_errror_require.php to use require_once() instead of require() and renaming the last one to avoid_error_require_once.php, we have:
foolib.inc (fixed)
...
require_once("utils.inc");
function showVar($var) {
...
avoid_error_require_once.php
...
require_once("foolib.inc");
require_once("utils.inc");
$foo = array("1",array("complex","quaternion"));
...
And when running the latter, the output will be (using PHP 4.0.1pl2):
GLOBALS ARE NICE
this is requiring globals.inc again which is also
required in foolib.inc
Running goodTea: Oolong tea tastes good!
Printing foo:
Array
(
[0] => 1
[1] => Array
(
[0] => complex
[1] => quaternion
)
)
Also note that, analogous to the behavior of the #include of the C preprocessor, this statement acts at "compile time", e.g. when the script is parsed and before it is executed, and should not be used for parts of the script that need to be inserted dynamically during its execution. You should use include_once() or include() for that purpose.
For more examples on using require_once() and include_once(), look at the PEAR code included in the latest PHP source code distributions.
include_once()
The include_once() statement includes and evaluates the specified file during the execution of the script. This is a behavior similar to the include() statement, with the important difference that if the code from a file has already been included, it will not be included again.
As mentioned in the require_once() description, the include_once() should be used in the cases in which the same file might be included and evaluated more than once during a particular execution of a script, and you want to be sure that it is included exactly once to avoid problems with function redefinitions, variable value reassignments, etc.
Finaly our arrengement about control structure finished. Are you confused about what im talking about? I know when there is a will there is a way. With study hard Im sure you can understand and apply the knowledge in your life. In the next chapter I will easied up a subject about function inluding the user defined function, function arguments etc.
Chapter 6
Title : PHP Programing | PHP Basic | chapter 6 Functions
User-defined functions
A function may be defined using syntax such as the following:
function foo ($arg_1, $arg_2, ..., $arg_n) {
echo "Example function.\n";
return $retval;
}
Any valid PHP code may appear inside a function, even other functions and class definitions.
In PHP 3, functions must be defined before they are referenced. No such requirement exists in PHP 4.
PHP does not support function overloading, nor is it possible to undefine or redefine previously-declared functions.
PHP 3 does not support variable numbers of arguments to functions, although default arguments are supported (see Default argument values for more information). PHP 4 supports both: see Variable-length argument lists and the function references for func_num_args(), func_get_arg(), and func_get_args() for more information.
Function arguments
Information may be passed to functions via the argument list, which is a comma-delimited list of variables and/or constants.
PHP supports passing arguments by value (the default), passing by reference, and default argument values. Variable-length argument lists are supported only in PHP 4 and later; see Variable-length argument lists and the function references for func_num_args(), func_get_arg(), and func_get_args() for more information. A similar effect can be achieved in PHP 3 by passing an array of arguments to a function:
function takes_array($input) {
echo "$input[0] + $input[1] = ", $input[0]+$input[1];
}
Making arguments be passed by reference
By default, function arguments are passed by value (so that if you change the value of the argument within the function, it does not get changed outside of the function). If you wish to allow a function to modify its arguments, you must pass them by reference.
If you want an argument to a function to always be passed by reference, you can prepend an ampersand (&) to the argument name in the function definition:
function add_some_extra(&$string) {
$string .= 'and something extra.';
}
$str = 'This is a string, ';
add_some_extra($str);
echo $str; // outputs 'This is a string, and something extra.'
If you wish to pass a variable by reference to a function which does not do this by default, you may prepend an ampersand to the argument name in the function call:
function foo ($bar) {
$bar .= ' and something extra.';
}
$str = 'This is a string, ';
foo ($str);
echo $str; // outputs 'This is a string, '
foo (&$str);
echo $str; // outputs 'This is a string, and something extra.'
Default argument values
A function may define C++-style default values for scalar arguments as follows:
function makecoffee ($type = "cappucino") {
return "Making a cup of $type.\n";
}
echo makecoffee ();
echo makecoffee ("espresso");
The output from the above snippet is:
Making a cup of cappucino.
Making a cup of espresso.
The default value must be a constant expression, not (for example) a variable or class member.
Note that when using default arguments, any defaults should be on the right side of any non-default arguments; otherwise, things will not work as expected. Consider the following code snippet:
function makeyogurt ($type = "acidophilus", $flavour) {
return "Making a bowl of $type $flavour.\n";
}
echo makeyogurt ("raspberry"); // won't work as expected
The output of the above example is:
Warning: Missing argument 2 in call to makeyogurt() in
/usr/local/etc/httpd/htdocs/php3test/functest.html on line 41
Making a bowl of raspberry .
Now, compare the above with this:
function makeyogurt ($flavour, $type = "acidophilus") {
return "Making a bowl of $type $flavour.\n";
}
echo makeyogurt ("raspberry"); // works as expected
The output of this example is:
Making a bowl of acidophilus raspberry.
Variable-length argument lists
PHP 4 has support for variable-length argument lists in user-defined functions. This is really quite easy, using the func_num_args(), func_get_arg(), and func_get_args() functions.
No special syntax is required, and argument lists may still be explicitly provided with function definitions and will behave as normal.
Returning values
Values are returned by using the optional return statement. Any type may be returned, including lists and objects.
function square ($num) {
return $num * $num;
}
echo square (4); // outputs '16'.
You can't return multiple values from a function, but similar results can be obtained by returning a list.
function small_numbers() {
return array (0, 1, 2);
}
list ($zero, $one, $two) = small_numbers();
To return a reference from a function, you have to use the reference operator & in both the function declaration and when assigning the returned value to a variable:
function &returns_reference() {
return $someref;
}
$newref =&returns_reference();
Variable functions
PHP supports the concept of variable functions. This means that if a variable name has parentheses appended to it, PHP will look for a function with the same name as whatever the variable evaluates to, and will attempt to execute it. Among other things, this can be used to implement callbacks, function tables, and so forth.
Variable function example
function foo() {
echo "In foo()
\n";
}
function bar( $arg = '' ) {
echo "In bar(); argument was '$arg'.
\n";
}
$func = 'foo';
$func();
$func = 'bar';
$func( 'test' );
?>
Readmore »»
